Other Names/Brands

Kalferon, Intron-A, Alferon N, Rebif 22, Betaferon, Actimmune, Pegasys, and Peg Intron

Mechanism of Action

Interferons work by enhancing the body's natural response to infections or abnormal cells. Interferons bind to receptors on cell surfaces and trigger a cascade of signals that enhance immune system activity.

This mechanism helps inhibit viral replication, enhances the immune cells' ability to recognize and destroy infected or cancerous cells, and regulates inflammation.

Indications

Interferon is used to treat a variety of conditions involving viral infections and immune system disorders. This drug is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C, certain types of cancer such as leukemia, melanoma, and HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma, and certain autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis.

These indications depend on the type of interferon used (alpha, beta, or gamma) and the therapeutic goal. Each type of interferon has different immunological effects.

Contraindications

Interferon has several important contraindications that should be considered. This drug is generally not recommended for patients with severe liver impairment, uncontrolled autoimmune disease, or severe depression or other serious psychiatric conditions, as it can worsen symptoms. Interferon should also be avoided in patients with heart problems, a history of unstable seizures, or pregnant women.

Side Effects

Interferon can cause various side effects, including flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, and severe fatigue. Some people may experience mood swings, including anxiety or depression, and sleep disorders.

Preparations

Interferon preparations are generally formulated as parenteral injections, primarily for subcutaneous and intramuscular use. These products are available in multidose vials, single-dose vials, prefilled syringes, and autoinjectors, depending on the type and clinical need. Variants include alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, each developed for specific therapeutic indications.

Furthermore, pegylated formulations (peginterferon) are available, which allow for increased half-life and pharmacokinetic stability, significantly reducing the frequency of administration.

Dosage

Interferon dosages vary depending on the type and indication. Alpha interferon, for some applications, can be administered in the range of 3–5 million IU several times per week, while peginterferon alpha is often given once a week with a weight-adjusted dose. Beta interferon for multiple sclerosis is generally used in the range of 8–44 micrograms per injection, administered one to three times per week. Gamma interferon dosages are usually lower, for example, 50–150 micrograms/m², administered three times per week.

Safety of Drugs

Interferon is classified as pregnancy category C or D, depending on the type of interferon. This means that its use is only permitted if the potential benefits outweigh the risks to the fetus. Interferon has the potential to cause serious side effects, especially in patients with liver or heart diseases or psychological disorders.

Drug Interactions

Interferon can interact with other medications, potentially increasing side effects or reducing the effectiveness of therapy. Concomitant use with immunosuppressants or cytotoxic drugs can increase the risk of decreased blood cell counts.

Drugs that affect the liver can alter the metabolism of interferon in the body. Interactions with antidepressants or psychiatric medications are also important, as interferon can affect mood and nerve function.

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