The eardrum (tympanic membrane) is a very thin tissue that separates the outer ear canal from the middle ear. Because of its delicate structure, it is vulnerable to injury and tearing.

Many factors can cause a ruptured eardrum. Read on to learn more.

Symptoms of a Ruptured Eardrum

According to the Mayo Clinic, signs and symptoms can include:

• Pain in the ear
• Drainage of pus or blood from the ear
• Hearing loss
• Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
• Vertigo or dizziness
• Fever
• Nausea and vomiting related to vertigo

Causes of a Ruptured Eardrum

Several conditions can trigger a tear in the eardrum, including the following:

Infection

Ear infections are the most frequent cause, especially in children. Infection can lead to fluid buildup behind the eardrum. The increased pressure can strain the membrane and cause it to rupture.

Changes in air pressure

Barotrauma refers to injury caused by sudden shifts in air pressure. Certain situations can create these pressure changes inside the ear and raise the risk of a rupture.

Activities that can cause barotrauma:

• Diving
• Air travel
• Driving at high elevations
• Forceful, direct blows to the ear

Injuries or Traumas

Any injury to the ear or nearby structures can damage the eardrum. Examples include:

• Direct blows to the ear
• Sports injuries
• Motor vehicle accidents

What Happens If the Eardrum Tears?

The Mayo Clinic notes possible complications such as:

• Hearing loss
• Middle ear infection (otitis media)
• Development of a benign growth in the middle ear (cholesteatoma) → rare

To ease symptoms and reduce the chance of complications, consider these steps:

• Do not place anything in the ear, including cotton swabs or ear drops, unless your doctor advises it.
• Use earplugs to keep water out of the ear.
• Wear ear protection when you are exposed to loud noises.
• Do not swim.
• Avoid blowing your nose forcefully.
• Apply a warm compress to the ear.
• Avoid flying.

Treatment for a Ruptured Eardrum

Most eardrum perforations heal without a hospital stay. Temporary hearing loss is common. Even without specific treatment, many tears close on their own within a few weeks.

Surgery can be required in some cases, although it is uncommon. Full recovery after an operation can take up to 8 weeks.

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