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Apa yang Terjadi Pada Paru-Paru Bila Terinfeksi Covid-19?

Apa yang Terjadi Pada Paru-Paru Bila Terinfeksi Covid-19?

Bagikan :


Virus corona yang dikenal dengan nama SARS-CoV-2, pertama kali terdeteksi di akhir tahun 2019. Virus ini kemudian menyebar ke lebih dari 100 negara di dunia. Virus yang kemudian diketahui menyerang sistem pernapasan ini dikategorikan sebagai pandemi oleh WHO.

Sejak awal tahun 2020 hingga 2 Februari 2022, tercatat angka kematian terkait Covid-19 di Indonesia mencapai 144.348 kematian. Lansia atau orang dengan komorbid (penyakit penyerta), seperti diabetes, kanker, penyakit jantung, dan kondisi imunokompromais cenderung memiliki gejala yang lebih berat.

Ketika virus masuk ke dalam paru-paru

Paru-paru adalah organ pertama yang terkena dampak Covid-19, baik dengan gejala ringan, sedang maupun berat. Ketika virus masuk ke dalam tubuh Anda, virus akan bersentuhan dengan selaput lendir yang melapisi hidung, mulut dan mata. Virus yang memasuki sel sehat akan menggunakan sel-sel tersebut untuk membuat bagian virus baru, berkembang biak di dalam tubuh dan menginfeksi sel di dekatnya.

Pada awal infeksi, virus corona akan dengan cepat menyerang sel-sel dalam sistem pernapasan, terutama sel-sel epitel (sel yang bertugas menangkap dan membersihkan virus, serbuk sari, debu). Virus tersebut kemudian membanjiri saluran pernapasan dengan kotoran dan cairan, sehingga menyebabkan kesulitan bernapas dan sesak saat bernapas.

Virus corona dapat menginfeksi saluran pernapasan bagian atas dan bawah. Ketika saluran pernapasan bagian atas mengalami iritasi dan peradangan, infeksinya dapat mencapai ke alveoli (tempat masuknya oksigen ke dalam darah dan keluarnya karbon dioksida).

Menurut WebMD, 80% orang yang terinfeksi Covid-19 mungkin mengalami gejala ringan hingga sedang, dengan keluhan batuk kering atau sakit tenggorokan. Namun, sebagian lainnya dapat mengalami pneumonia (infeksi akibat peradangan pada alveoli). Peradangan ini dapat diketahui melalui hasil rontgent atau CT scan.

Komplikasi paru-paru

Panagis Galiatsatos, M.D., M.H.S., adalah pakar penyakit paru-paru di Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center dan menangani pasien COVID-19. Ia menjelaskan beberapa komplikasi pada paru-paru baik jangka pendek maupun panjang yang disebabkan oleh infeksi SARS-Cov-2, di antaranya:

Pneumonia terkait Covid-19

Ketika terinfeksi COVID-19, paru-paru menjadi penuh dengan cairan dan meradang, menyebabkan kesulitan bernapas yang bisa menjadi sangat parah dan membutuhkan perawatan di rumah sakit dengan oksigen atau bahkan ventilator.

Pneumonia yang disebabkan oleh Covid-19 ini umumnya terjadi pada kedua paru-paru, di mana keduanya terisi dengan cairan sehingga membatasi kemampuan paru-paru untuk mengambil oksigen dan menyebabkan sesak napas, batuk dan gejala lainnya. Sebagian orang yang berhasil sembuh dari pneumonia akibat Covid-19 bahkan membutuhkan waktu berbulan-bulan untuk membaik.

Sindrom Gangguan Pernafasan Akut (ARDS)

Ketika pneumonia akibat Covid-19 berkembang di dalam tubuh, maka banyak kantung udara yang terisi cairan menjadi bocor. Akibatnya sesak napas terjadi dan menyebabkan sindrom gangguan pernapasan akut (ARDS).

Pasien yang mengalami ARDS sering tidak dapat bernapas sendiri dan membutuhkan bantuan ventilator untuk membantu mengedarkan oksigen di dalam tubuh. Ketika bisa mendapatkan perawatan di rumah sakit, mereka yang mengalami ARDS masih memiliki kesempatan untuk pulih, namun sebagian besar yang hanya mendapatkan perawatan di rumah umumnya tidak akan bertahan lama.

Sepsis

Komplikasi lain yang disebabkan oleh Covid-19 yang parah adalah sepsis. Sepsis dapat terjadi ketika infeksi mencapai dan menyebar melalui aliran darah. Infeksi ini kemudian akan menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan di dalam tubuh di manapun aliran darah pergi.

Pasien sepsis yang berhasil bertahan umumnya akan mengalami kerusakan permanen pada paru-paru dan organ lainnya.

Superinfeksi

Ketika seseorang terinfeksi Covid-19, sistem kekebalan tubuh akan bekerja keras melawan virus. Kondisi tersebut dapat membuat tubuh lebih rentan terinfeksi bakteri atau virus lain selain Covid-19, yang disebut superinfeksi. Kondisi ini meningkatkan risiko kerusakan paru-paru tambahan.

Menurut dokter Panagis Galiatsatos, ketika pandemi berakhir, akan ada sekelompok pasien dengan kebutuhan kesehatan baru, para survivor yang membutuhkan bantuan untuk memulihkan fungsi paru-paru semaksimal mungkin. Yuk tetap ikuti protokol kesehatan dengan menggunakan masker, mencuci tangan, menghindari kerumunan agar pandemi ini segera berakhir.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 15:04

WebMD (2021). What Does COVID-19 Do to Your Lungs?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/lung/what-does-covid-do-to-your-lungs#1

Panagis Galiatsatos, M.D., M.H.S. (2021). COVID-19 Lung Damage. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/what-coronavirus-does-to-the-lungs

American Lung Association Scientific (2022). What Is COVID-19?. Available from: https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/covid-19/about-covid-19

Worldmeter (2022). Indonesia. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/indonesia/.

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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.02msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2166 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: 2166
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        • 0: 9301
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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