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  • Komorbid yang Meningkatkan Risiko Gejala Berat dan Kematian Akibat Covid-19

Komorbid yang Meningkatkan Risiko Gejala Berat dan Kematian Akibat Covid-19

Komorbid yang Meningkatkan Risiko Gejala Berat dan Kematian Akibat Covid-19

Bagikan :


Sejak diidentifikasi di Wuhan, Cina, pada Desember 2019, SARS-CoV-2 atau yang lebih dikenal dengan coronavirus masih menyebar dan bermutasi hingga saat ini. Menyebar ke seluruh dunia dan memengaruhi lebih dari 180 negara. SARS-CoV-2 telah menginfeksi berbagai kelompok usia dan etnis, baik pria maupun wanita. Infeksi tersebut menyebabkan tingkat keparahan gejala yang berbeda dari ringan sampai berat, bahkan bisa menyebabkan kematian.

Terhitung per 3 Januari 2020 hingga 24 Januari 2022, di Indonesia terdapat 4.289.305 kasus terkonfirmasi dan 144.227 kasus kematian yang telah dilaporkan pada WHO.

Dari data yang diketahui saat ini, pasien dengan penyakit Covid-19 yang memiliki penyakit penyerta atau komorbid, lebih mungkin memiliki gejala berat saat terinfeksi Covid-19. Pasien berusia 65 tahun ke atas yang memiliki komorbid juga memiliki peningkatan risiko terjadi perburukan penyakit dan dirawat diunit perawatan intensif (ICU) sampai kematian akibat penyakit Covid-19.

Menurut Mayo Clinic, berikut adalah penyakit komorbid yang dapat meningkatkan risiko pasien mengalami perburukan gejala menjadi gejala berat sampai kematian akibat Covid-19.

Penyakit paru

Seperti yang telah diketahui sebelumnya, Covid-19 banyak menyerang paru. Perburukan gejala yang terjadi di antaranya disebabkan oleh kondisi kesehatan terkait paru seperti berikut:

  • Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik (PPOK)
  • Kanker paru-paru
  • Fibrosis kistik yang memengaruhi produksi lendir di tubuh menjadi kental
  • Fibrosis paru, terbentuknya jaringan parut di dalam paru
  • Asma derajat sedang hingga berat
  • Hipertensi paru
  • Emboli paru

Penyakit jantung

Banyak jenis penyakit jantung yang dapat memperburuk kondisi gejala pasien Covid-19, yaitu:

  • Kardiomiopati, penurunan kemampuan otot jantung dalam memompa jantung
  • Penyakit jantung bawaan
  • Gagal jantung
  • Penyakit arteri koroner

Kondisi otak dan sistem saraf

Beberapa kondisi yang mempengaruhi otak atau sistem saraf seperti stroke dan demensia, dapat meningkatkan risiko gejala parah Covid-19.

Diabetes dan obesitas

Baik diabetes tipe 1 maupun diabetes tipe 2 dapat meningkatkan risiko gejala Covid-19 yang serius. Selain itu, memiliki indeks massa tubuh yang tinggi yang tergolong kelebihan berat badan, obesitas maupun obesitas parah juga turut menyumbangkan risiko gejala parah dan kematian akibat Covid-19.

Diabetes dan obesitas sama-sama mengurangi efektivitas sistem kekebalan tubuh sehingga mudah terserang infeksi.

Kanker dan kelainan darah tertentu

Penderita kanker dan juga kelainan darah tertentu memiliki risiko tinggi gejala parah dan kematian saat terinfeksi Covid-19. Kelainan darah seperti anemia sel sabit adalah kelainan bawaan yang menyebabkan sel darah merah menjadi keras dan lengket dan memiliki bentuk seperti bulan sabit. Sel darah merah ini mati lebih cepat sehingga oksigen tidak dapat diangkut ke seluruh tubuh. Selain itu, anemia sel sabit juga menyebabkan penyumbatan di pembuluh darah kecil yang menyakitkan.

Sistem kekebalan tubuh yang lemah

Jika Anda memiliki sistem kekebalan tubuh yang lemah seperti:

  • Baru saja menjalani transplantasi organ
  • Sedang menjalani terapi pengobatan kanker
  • Baru saja menjalani transplantasi sumsum tulang
  • Hidup dengan HIV/AIDS atau penyakit lain yang memengaruhi kekebalan tubuh
  • Sedang mengonsumsi obat steroid seperti prednison dalam jangka panjang

Maka Anda harus ekstra hati-hati agar terhindar dari infeksi Covid-19. Penyakit ginjal dan liver yang berat dapat melemahkan sistem kekebalan tubuh, sehingga meningkatkan risiko gejala menjadi berat saat terinfeksi Covid-19.

Kondisi kesehatan mental

Orang dengan gangguan kesehatan mental seperti depresi dan skizofrenia dikatakan lebih berisiko terinfeksi Covid-19 dan mengalami gejala berat.

 

USFDA menyarankan agar Anda mendapatkan vaksinasi primer lengkap serta booster untuk meningkatkan perlindungan terhadap Covid-19. Selain itu, selalu gunakan masker saat melakukan kegiatan di ruang publik dan menghindari kerumunan. Apabila Anda memiliki riwayat komorbid di atas, maka sebaiknya lakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan rutin dan minum obat yang telah diresepkan oleh dokter.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 03:01

CDC (2021). People with Certain Medical Conditions. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html

Sanyaolu, A., et all (2020). Comorbidity and its Impact on Patients with COVID-19. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7314621/

Mayo Clinic Staff (2022). COVID-19: Who's at higher risk of serious symptoms?. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301

WHO (2022). Indonesia Situation. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/region/searo/country/id

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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