Donepezil

Donepezil
Donepezil adalah obat untuk mengobati demensia pada penyakit alzheimer.

Bagikan :


Brand/Nama Lain

Aldomer, Aricept, Alzim, Aricept Evess, Donacept, Dozil dan Fordesia.

 

Cara Kerja

Donepezil bekerja dengan cara menghambat aktivitas enzim asetilkolinesterase pada sistem saaf pusat (otak). Enzim ini bisa menghancurkan asetilkolin, senyawa kimia yang diperlukan untuk meneruskan pesan/sinyal antar saraf. Pada penyakit Alzheimer, kadar asetilkolin rendah dan mengganggu beberapa sel saraf yang memakai asetilkolin. Bila terus dibiarkan, gejala akan terus memburuk seiring waktu.

Dengan obat ini, senyawa asetikolin diharapkan tidak banyak yang hancur oleh enzim asetikolinesterase sehingga kadar asetilkolin akan meningkat dalam saraf pusat. 

 

Indikasi

Obat ini digunakan untuk pengobatan penyakit Alzheimer derajat ringan, sedang dan berat. Penyakit Alzheimer tidak bisa disembuhkan dan akan terus memburuk, namun donepezil bisa memperbaiki fungsi kognitif, ingatan, pengambilan keputusan, dan kemampuan berbahasa pada pasien. 

 

Kontraindikasi

Donepezil tidak boleh diberikan bila pasien memiliki riwayat alergi berat atau hipersensitivitas terhadap obat ini. Ada beberapa kondisi yang perlu mendapat perhatian khusus ketika mendapat donepezil, antara lain:

  • Gangguan irama jantung.
  • Berisiko mengalami penyakit ulkus peptikum (tukak lambung).
  • Riwayat asma atau penyakit paru obstruktif kronis (PPOK).
  • Memiliki riwayat kejang.
  • Memiliki riwayat pembesaran prostat.
  • Ibu hamil dan menyusui.

 

Efek Samping

Efek samping dari donepezil yang bisa terjadi adalah sebagai berikut:

  • Mual dan muntah.
  • Diare.
  • Penurunan nafsu makan.
  • Pusing.
  • Nyeri atau kram otot.
  • Gangguan tidur.
  • Kelemahan.
  • Nyeri kepala.

Efek samping di atas akan berkurang dan menghilang dalam waktu 1-3 minggu. Namun jika menetap, sebaiknya Anda konsultasikan ke dokter terdekat. Cari bantuan medis juga bila Anda mengalami gejala seperti denyut jantung melambat yang disertai dengan keluhan nyeri dada, sesak napas, terasa melayang, atau penurunan kesadaran.

 

Sediaan

Obat ini tersedia dalam bentuk tablet 5 mg dan 10 mg.

 

Dosis

Dosis donepezil dapat dibedakan pada pasien dewasa dan lansia yang mengalami demensia akibat penyakit alzheimer seperti di bawah ini:

  • Dewasa
    • Dosis awal sebesar 5 mg sekali sehari sesaat sebelum tidur.
    • Setelah 1 bulan dosis dapat dinaikkan menjadi 10 mg sekali sehari, dengan dosis maksimal 10 mg per hari.
  • Lansia
    • Dosis dimulai sebesar 5 mg per hari diminum sebelum tidur.
    • Kemudian, jika dibutuhkan dosis dapat ditingkatkan hingga 10 mg setelah 4-6 minggu dari dosis pertama.
 

Keamanan

Donepezil adalah obat yang tergolong kategori C pada kehamilan. Dalam penelitian yang dilakukan pada hewan uji coba, obat ini terbukti menimbulkan efek samping pada janin, namun masih belum ada data penelitian yang memadai pada manusia. Obat ini baru digunakan bila manfaat dirasa lebih besar dari potensi risiko yang bisa terjadi. Sebaiknya konsultasikan terlebih dahulu dengan dokter Anda terkait pemakaian obat ini bila Anda sedang hamil atau menyusui.

 

Interaksi Obat

Berikut ini adalah efek yang dapat terjadi dari interaksi donepezil dengan obat lain, yaitu:

  • Kadar donepezil dalam darah dapat meningkat jika donepezil digunakan bersama obat:
    • Antijamur ketokonazol.
    • Antibiotik eritromisin.
    • Antidepresan fluoxetin.
    • Obat gangguan irama jantung quinidine.
  • Kadar donepezil dalam darah dapat menurun bila donepezil digunakan bersama obat:
    • Antituberkulosis rifampisin.
    • Antikejang fenitoin.
  • Apabila berinteraksi dengan obat antipsikotik dapat meningkatkan terjadinya efek samping sindrom neuroleptik maligna, yaitu suatu reaksi tubuh yang mengancam nyawa terhadap obat antipsikotik, keluhannya adalah:
    • Demam tinggi
    • Otot kaku
    • Berkeringat lebih
    • Gangguan status mental
    • Kecemasan
    • Detak jantung yang tidak normal
    • Nafas cepat
  • Efektivitas dari donepezil dapat terganggu jika digunakan bersama obat antikolinergik (bekerja pada sistem saraf).

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar obat-obatan lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : dr Luluk Ummaimah A
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 02:14

Kumar, A., Gupta, V., Sharma, S. (2022). Donepezil (p. A single page). StatPearls Publishing. From https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513257/

Donepezil  – Mims Indonesia. (2022). Retrieved 13 August 2022, from https://www.mims.com/indonesia/drug/info/donepezil?mtype=generic

How Do Drugs for Alzheimer’s Disease Work?  – WebMD. (2022). Retrieved 13 August 2022, from https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/treatments/drugs/how-do-drugs-alzheimers-disease-work

Donepezil  – drugs.com. (2022). Retrieved 13 August 2022, from https://www.drugs.com/mtm/donepezil.html

Donepezil-Uses, Side Effects, and More  – WebMD. (2022). Retrieved 13 August 2022, from https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-14334-9218/donepezil-oral/donepezil-oral/details

Donepezil – NHSUK. (2022). Retrieved 13 August 2022, from https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/donepezil/

What Is Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome?  – WebMD. (2022). Retrieved 13 August 2022, from https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/guide/what-is-neuroleptic-malignant-syndrome

Jessica, CL., Hasan, A. (2022). Pregnancy Medication (p. A single page). StatPearls Publishing. From https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507858/

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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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