Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis merupakan infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri gram negatif dari golongan Spirochaeta, yaitu Leptospira sp.

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Definisi

Leptospirosis merupakan infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri yang disebut Leptospira sp. Leptospira sendiri digolongkan menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu kelompok patogen (menyebabkan penyakit) dan non-patogen. Tikus merupakan pembawa utama dari bakteri ini karena bakteri berkembang secara alami di dalam tubuh dan dikeluarkan melalui urin tikus.  Pada kebanyakan kasus, leptospira memiliki gejala seperti rasa tidak enak badan tetapi jarang membahayakan sehingga mirip seperti kasus flu dan umumnya berlangsung kurang dari 1 minggu. Gejala leptospirosis muncul dalam rentang waktu kurang dari 2 minggu hingga 1 bulan setelah terinfeksi namun kadang juga tidak bergejala sama sekali. Ketika Anda terinfeksi, gejala yang muncul pertama kali adalah demam. Beberapa gejala lain seperti sakit kepala, nyeri otot, kulit, mata kekuningan (ikterik), muntah, diare, dan kulit kemerahan dapat menyusul terutama pada infeksi yang lebih berat. Leptospirosis umumnya ditemukan pada negara dengan cuaca yang lembab walau bakteri tersebut dapat hidup di seluruh dunia, terutama di Australia, Afrika, Asia Tenggara, Amerika Selatan dan Karibia.  

Penyebab

Leptospirosis disebabkan oleh bakteri gram negatif dari golongan Spirochaeta, yaitu Leptospira sp. Bakteri tersebut masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui luka atau goresan di kulit maupun melalui mata, hidung, atau mulut Anda lalu ke pembuluh darah menuju organ tubuh terutama di ginjal. Bakteri yang tersaring di ginjal Anda akan dikeluarkan melalui urin sehingga leptospirosis dapat menyebar ke orang lain atau hewan terutama tikus. Leptospirosis merupakan menyakit zoonotik sehingga dapat disebarkan antara hewan dan manusia. Anda dapat terinfeksi melalui:

  • Kontak langsung dengan air kencing (urin) atau cairan reproduktif dari hewan yang terinfeksi
  • Kontak dengan air atau tanah yang terkontaminasi
  • Makan atau minum makanan atau air yang terkontaminasi

 

Faktor Risiko

Anda dapat mengalami leptospirosis terutama jika tinggal di area tropis dan negara dengan iklim yang hangat dengan banyak curah hujan tiap tahunnya sehingga menyebabkan lembab. Anda memiliki risiko leptospirosis yang lebih tinggi bila Anda tinggal atau berpergian ke area tersebut meliputi daerah Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, dan kepulauan Pasifik), Karibia, bagian dari Afrika sub Saharan, bagian dari Amerika Latin, Asia Selatan dan Asia tenggara.

 

Gejala

Leptospirosis umumnya memiliki gejala menyerupai flu biasa dan beberapa kasus bahkan mungkin tidak bergejala. Namun pada beberapa kasus yang parah, leptospirosis dapat menyebabkan gejala pendarahan internal dan kerusakan organ. Pada kondisi leptospirosis akut, gejala dapat muncul secara tiba - tiba seperti demam tinggi, mata kemerahan, sakit kepala, menggigil, nyeri otot, nyeri perut, mual dan muntah, diare, kulit dan mata kekuningan (ikterik), hingga kulit kemerahan (ruam). Beberapa kondisi leptospirosis yang parah dapat muncul setelah 3 hingga 10 hari kemudian, seperti batuk berdarah (hemoptysis), nyeri dada, kesulitan bernapas, kulit dan mata kekuningan sangat jelas, buang air besar yang kehitaman, adanya darah di dalam urin dan perdarahan bawah kulit.

 

Diagnosa

Dokter akan menanyakan mengenai gejala, riwayat bepergian Anda sebelumnya dan apakah anda mengalami kontak dengan hewan maupun daerah dengan tingkat kebersihan rendah seperti daerah dengan genangan air atau kebanjiran. Selanjutnya, dokter akan melakukan beberapa pemeriksaan untuk menegakkan diagnosa leptospirosis seperti pemeriksaan fisik, pemeriksaan darah dan pemeriksaan urin. Pemeriksaan fisik umumnya dilakukan untuk memeriksa tanda vital, apakah ada kekuningan di mata atau tubuh, maupun perdarahan atau ruam kulit.  Sedangkan pemeriksaan darah atau urin berguna untuk memeriksa fungsi ginjal, perdarahan pada urin maupun tanda-tanda inflamasi. Bila Anda mengalami gejala dari infeksi yang parah, Anda mungkin disarankan untuk melakukan pemeriksaan radiologi seperti rontgen dada atau CT scan. Pemeriksaan radiologi dilakukan untuk memeriksa kelainan atau kerusakan organ akibat infeksi yang parah.

 

Tata Laksana

Dokter akan mengobati leptospirosis dengan antibiotik. Bila anda mengalami kasus ringan atau tidak bergejala berat, dokter mungkin akan menyarankan Anda untuk mendapatkan perawatan di rumah dan mungkin mendapat pengobatan ringan sesuai gejala. Bila Anda mengalami gejala yang berat, dokter mungkin akan menyarankan Anda untuk dirawat di rumah sakit. Dokter akan memberikan antibiotik langsung melalui intravena serta pengobatan untuk organ yang terdampak dari infeksi.

  • Pemberian terapi cairan dan penanganan demam
    • Pada beberapa kasus leptospirosis sedang, dapat diobati dengan pengobatan sederhana seperti memastikan tubuh mendapat cukup cairan, beristirahat hingga mengonsumsi obat pereda nyeri dan demam
  • Antibiotik
    • Antibiotik yang digunakan untuk pengobatan leptospirosis meliputi golongan penisilin seperti amoksisilin, ampicillin maupun sediaan infus seperti penicilin G dan golongan sefalosporin seperti ceftriaxone. Dokter akan menentukan jemis obat yang akan digunakan berdasarkan gejala yang anda alami. Pada kasus anak-anak, dokter akan menyesuaikan jenis antibiotik yang aman dikonsumsi dan rendah efek samping
  • Alat ventilasi
    • Bila paru - paru anda terinfeksi dengan bakteri, anda mungkin memiliki kesulitan untuk bernapas dan membutuhkan bantuan mesin untuk bernapas. Dokter akan memberikan obat untuk membantu ada tetap tertidur selama anda terhubung dengan mesin tersebut.
  • Plasmapharesis
    • Tindakan ini dilakukan untuk penggantian plasma darah Anda. Plasmapharesis mungkin disarakan bila anda memiliki risiko kerusakan organ dari leptospirosis. Selama prosedur tersebut, mesin khusus digunakan untuk memisahkan plasma dari cairan darah Anda dan menggantinya dengan plasma pengganti. Darah Anda akan dikembalikan ke tubuh melalui selang lain.

 

Komplikasi

Pengobatan dapat mengurangi keparahan dari leptospirosis. Tanpa adanya pengobatan lebih lanjut, infeksi leptospirosis dapat menyebabkan komplikasi lanjutan seperti meningitis, gagal hati, kerusakan ginjal yang dapat menyebabkan gagal ginjal, gangguan pernapasan, kolaps hemodinamik (syok) hingga kematian fetus pada ibu hamil.

 

Pencegahan

Pencegahan terbaik dari leptospirosis dengan tidak berenang atau bermain di dalam air yang kotor karena dapat mengandung cairan hewan yang terkontaminasi, terutama saat banjir. Beberapa cara lain untuk mengurangi risiko terinfeksi:

  • Mengonsumsi obat pencegahan. Bila Anda hendak bepergian ke daerah dengan risiko tinggi infeksi leptospirosis, tanyakan pada dokter Anda terkait obat yang perlu dikonsumsi sebagai pencegahan (profilaksis)
  • Menghindari kontak dengan hewan yang mungkin terinfeksi leptospirosis
  • Mengenakan pakaian dan sepatu pelindung bila Anda bekerja di sekitar hewan maupun di daerah yang kotor
  • Hindari olahraga air dan berenang di sungai dan danau setelah banjir atau kotor
  • Minum air yang telah diolah dengan baik dan steril. Jangan meminum air dari sungai, danau dan kanal tanpa direbus terlebih dahulu
  • Mengenakan sarung tangan bila Anda menyentuh hewan yang sudah mati
  • Menutup luka terbuka atau goresan di kulit dengan perban atau plester anti air

 

Kapan Harus ke Dokter?

Hubungi dokter Anda bila Anda merasa gejala leptospirosis terutama bila anda kontak dengan air kotor atau hewan yang mungkin terkontaminasi dengan bakteri leptospirosis. Segera bawa diri ke Unit Gawat Darurat bila menujukkan gejala seperti batuk berdarah, nyeri dada, kesulitan bernapas, mata kemerahan, pendarahan pada air kencing hingga penurunan jumlah air kencing, dan bintik merah seperti ruam pada kulit.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : dr Kevin Luke
Editor :
  • dr. Benita Kurniadi
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 Juni 2024 | 05:13

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Leptospirosis. Retrieved 13 March 2023, available from: https://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/index.html

Haake D.A. (2015). Leptospirosis in humans. National Library of Medicine. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4442676/

Rajapakse S. (2022). Leptospirosis: clinical aspects. Clinical Medicine. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8813018/

 

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      • app/Repositories/Categories/CategoryHealtTopics.php:11
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:376
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • WebController.php#377aicare_prod_new106msselect * from `posts` where `status` = 1 and `publish_date` <= '2025-04-06 09:50:36' and `content_type` = 'article' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null order by RAND() limit 7
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: 2025-04-06 09:50:36
      • 2: article
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • ORDER BY RAND() is slow, try to avoid if you can. You can read this or this
      Backtrace
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:377
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • WebController.php#391aicare_prod_new12.89msupdate `posts` set `views_count` = 401 where `id` = 6705
      Bindings
      • 0: 401
      • 1: 6705
      Backtrace
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • ActivityLogger.php#174aicare_prod_new12.65msinsert into `activity_log` (`log_name`, `properties`, `batch_uuid`, `event`, `subject_id`, `subject_type`, `description`, `updated_at`, `created_at`) values ('default', '[]', null, 'updated', 6705, 'App\\Models\\Admin\\Post', 'updated', '2025-04-06 09:50:36', '2025-04-06 09:50:36')
      Bindings
      • 0: default
      • 1: []
      • 2: 
      • 3: updated
      • 4: 6705
      • 5: App\Models\Admin\Post
      • 6: updated
      • 7: 2025-04-06 09:50:36
      • 8: 2025-04-06 09:50:36
      Backtrace
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/ActivityLogger.php:174
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/Traits/LogsActivity.php:88
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • single-post-healthpedia.blade.php#37aicare_prod_new1.12msselect * from `users` where `users`.`id` = 43 limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 43
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.32msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7004 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7004
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.28msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9807 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9807
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.44msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6698 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6698
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.93msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6293 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6293
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new11.08msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3897 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3897
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.83msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3150 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3150
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.96msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6978 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6978
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.25msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6651 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6651
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new1.05msselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: about-us
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#547aicare_prod_new890μsselect * from `faqs` limit 1
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new1.06msselect * from `term_policies`
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
    19Post.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Category
    18Category.php#?
    App\User
    4User.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Tag
    4Tag.php#?
    App\Models\TermPolicy
    3TermPolicy.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Healthpedia
    1Healthpedia.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Page
    1Page.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Faq
    1Faq.php#?
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        path_info
        /healthpedia-penyakit/leptospirosis
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        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
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        text/html; charset=UTF-8
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        []
        
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        []
        
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-04-06 09:50:37GET/healthpedia-penyakit/leptospirosis4113051