Gaal Kultur

Gaal Kultur

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Definisi

Pemeriksaan gaal kultur adalah suatu pemeriksaan kultur darah untuk mencari bakteri Salmonella typhi. Pemeriksaan kultur darah pada dasarnya dilakukan dengan memeriksa sampel darah untuk mencari mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi seperti jamur dan bakteri. Pemeriksaan ini sudah umum digunakan di seluruh belahan dunia sejak lama untuk diagnosis infeksi dan mendeteksi keberadaan dan jenis mikroorganisme di dalam aliran darah.

Salmonella typhi adalah satu jenis bakteri yang menyebabkan demam tifoid, suatu infeksi yang berpotensi fatal. Bakteri ini biasanya disebarkan melalui makanan atau air yang terkontaminasi. Saat bakteri Salmonella typhi tertelan, bakteri akan bermultiplikasi dan menyebar ke aliran darah.

Saat ini, menurut berbagai kesepakatan para ahli, serta didukung oleh World Health Organization (WHO), diagnosis pasti demam tifoid membutuhkan penemuan bakteri Salmonella Typhi pada kultur darah (gaal kultur). Pemeriksaan gaal kultur yang dilakukan pada saat awal infeksi tifoid dikatakan ideal untuk menegakkan diagnosis akurat. Hasil gaal kultur positif pada 85-90% penderita demam tifoid jika diperiksa dalam satu minggu setelah gejala muncul.

Diagnosis akurat untuk tifoid penting untuk memastikan penderitanya menerima perawatan medis dengan cepat dan terapi yang tepat.

 

Indikasi

Pemeriksaan gaal kultur dilakukan jika dokter mencurigai bahwa Anda mengalami infeksi oleh bakteri Salmonella typhoid (demam tifoid). Demam tifoid dapat muncul dengan derajat yang sangat bervariasi, dari demam ringan disertai diare sampai penyakit kritis akibat infeksi berat.

Gejala demam tifoid yang umum terjadi, di antaranya:

  • Demam berkepanjangan
  • Lelah
  • Nyeri kepala
  • Mual
  • Tidak nafsu makan
  • Nyeri perut menyeluruh
  • Konstipasi atau diare
  • Ruam

Gejala ini mirip dengan banyak penyakit lainnya, seperti malaria, infeksi paru, influenza, dan penyakit demam lainnya. Hal ini menyebabkan kesalahan diagnosis sering terjadi, sehingga diperlukan pemeriksaan yang lebih akurat untuk mendiagnosisnya.

 

Kontraindikasi

Kontraindikasi pengambilan sampel darah terkait dengan kondisi pada area pengambilan darah. Kondisi seperti infeksi pada daerah pengambilan merupakan salah satu kontraindikasi karena dapat meningkatkan risiko bakteri masuk ke aliran darah.

Kontraindikasi lainnya adalah adanya graft pembuluh darah, memar, pengerasan pembuluh darah, riwayat operasi pengangkatan payudara radikal pada sisi yang sama dengan lengan yang akan disuntik.

 

Persiapan Sebelum Pemeriksaan

Tidak ada persiapan khusus yang perlu dilakukan sebelum menjalani pemeriksaan gaal kultur.

Namun, beberapa obat, khususnya antibiotik, dapat memengaruhi hasil pemeriksaan. Oleh karena itu, Anda sebaiknya memberitahu dokter mengenai semua obat-obatan yang sedang Anda konsumsi. Namun, jangan menghentikan atau mengubah dosis obat Anda tanpa petunjuk dokter.

 

Prosedur Pemeriksaan

Untuk pemeriksaan darah, tenaga kesehatan akan mengambil sampel darah dari vena di lengan Anda, menggunakan jarum kecil. Setelah jarum dimasukkan, sejumlah kecil darah akan dikumpulkan ke dalam tabung tes atau vial. Anda mungkin merasakan nyeri ringan ketika jarum masuk atau keluar. Hal ini biasanya memakan waktu kurang dari lima menit.

Sampel darah yang telah didapatkan kemudian akan ditanam ke dalam wadah yang berisi media khusus di laboratorium dan diinkubasi pada suhu 37 derajat celcius selama setidaknya 7 hari. Sampel pada media ini kemudian dipantau untuk melihat adanya pertumbuhan mikroorganisme.

 

Nilai Normal dan Abnormal

Hasil pemeriksaan gaal kultur dinyatakan dalam hasil positif dan negatif.

 

Hasil dan Saran (Pemeriksaan Lanjutan)

Hasil pemeriksaan gaal kultur yang positif mengindikasikan adanya bakteri Salmonella typhi di dalam darah Anda. Sementara itu, hasil pemeirksaan negatif mengindikasikan sebaliknya.

Pemeriksaan darah, dalam hal ini gaal kultur, adalah pemeriksaan yang cukup akurat dan pemeriksaan ini umumnya dianggap sebagai cara terbaik dimana mikroorganisme yang menyebabkan infeksi dapat terdeteksi. Oleh karena itu, hasil pemeriksaan gaal kultur yang positif biasanya sudah cukup untuk memulai terapi sesegera mungkin untuk mengontrol infeksi.

Namun, dokter tetap akan mempertimbangkan faktor lain seperti gejala yang Anda alami, riwayat kesehatan Anda, serta hasil pemeriksaan lain untuk menegakkan diagnosis atau merencanakan prosedur terapi untuk menangani infeksi.

Pemerikaan lainnya yang dapat dilakukan, antara lain:

  • Kultur feses. Kultur feses masih dapat positif pada periode sakit lanjut karena bakteri sudah dikeluarkan melalui saluran cerna
  • Kultur cairan sumsum tulang. Hasil kultur ini dapat tetap positif sampai setidaknya 5 hari setelah permulaan antibiotik. Namun, pemeriksaan ini cukup menyakitkan dan jarang digunakan
  • Pemeriksaan serologi untuk mendeteksi antibodi terhadap Salmonella atau antigen Salmonella. Pemeriksaan Widal adalah pemerikaan andalan untuk diagnosis demam tifoid selama beberapa dekade. Namun, pemeriksaan ini tidak lagi direkomendasikan secara luas karena tidak spesifik maupun sensitif. Hasil pemeriksaan ini dapat mendukung diagnosis demam tifoid, namun harus dikonfirmasi dengan hasil kultur maupun temuan DNA kuman.
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR telah digunakan untuk diagnosis demam tifoid dengan tingkat kesuksesan yang bervariasi. Pemeriksaan ini digunakan untuk mendeteksi DNA kuman

 

Konsultasikan ke Dokter yang Tepat

Bila Anda memiliki hasil pemeriksaan gaal kultur yang positif, Anda dapat berkonsultais ke dokter umum. Dokter akan mengevaluasi hasil pemeriksaan Anda dengan mempertimbangkan gejala yang Anda alami, hasil pemeriksaan fisik, serta pemeriksaan laboratorium lainnya.

Jika Anda didiagnosis dengan demam tifoid, dokter akan memberikan antibiotik untuk menangani infeksi.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, radiologi, dan lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : dr Tea Karina Sudharso
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Jumat, 16 Juni 2023 | 06:15

John L Brusch, M. (2022) Typhoid fever workup, Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies. Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231135-workup#c3 (Accessed: 20 May 2023). 

Typhoid diagnostics (no date) Take on Typhoid. Available at: https://www.coalitionagainsttyphoid.org/the-issues/typhoid-diagnostics/ (Accessed: 20 May 2023). 

 

Typhoid (no date) World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/typhoid#:~:text=Typhoid%20fever%20is%20a%20life,and%20spread%20into%20the%20bloodstream. (Accessed: 20 May 2023).

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      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.22msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5569 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5569
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.1msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9073 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9073
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.12msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8478 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8478
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.97msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5541 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5541
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.13msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3740 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3740
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.11msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8113 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8113
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 3825
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.1msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7243 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7243
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.49msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7747 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7747
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.6msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7731 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7731
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new11.27msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7639 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7639
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 6285
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new1.15msselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new1.36msselect * from `term_policies`
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\User
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
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    App\Models\Admin\Page
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