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Penyebab dan Penanganan Jantung Berisi Cairan (Efusi Perikardium)

Penyebab dan Penanganan Jantung Berisi Cairan (Efusi Perikardium)
Ilustrasi penyakit jantung. Credit: Freepik

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Efusi perikardium adalah kondisi dimana terdapat penumpukan cairan di sekitar jantung. Ketika kondisi ini terjadi sangat cepat, cairan tersebut dapat menekan jantung dan menyebabkan kematian. Apa penyebab efusi perikardium dan bagaimana penanganannya? Simak ulasannya dalam artikel berikut.

 

Apa Itu Efusi Perikardium?

Perikardium adalah lapisan pelindung yang membungkus jantung. Bagian ini terdiri dari dua lapisan, yaitu bagian lapisan dalam (serosa) dan lapisan fibrosa yang merupakan lapisan terluar perikardium.

Normalnya, ruang di antara lapisan perikardium berisi cairan sekitar 15-50 ml yang berfungsi sebagai pelumas ketika jantung berdetak. Namun ketika terjadi peradangan, hal ini dapat menyebabkan penumpukan cairan sehingga jantung mendapat tekanan berlebih.

Jika penumpukan cairan ini terjadi secara perlahan, otot jantung memiliki waktu untuk meregang dan memberi ruang bagi cairan. Namun, jika penumpukannya parah atau terjadi dengan cepat, hal itu dapat menekan jantung dan menyebabkan keadaan darurat medis yang mengancam jiwa.

Baca Juga: Bagaimana Rutin Minum Kopi dapat Menurunkan Risiko Penyakit Jantung?

 

Penyebab Efusi Perikardium

Penyebab efusi perikardium dapat bermacam-macam, kondisi ini biasanya disebabkan oleh masalah kesehatan lainnya. Beberapa penyebab efusi perikardium antara lain:

  • Infeksi. Infeksi virus, jamur, atau parasit bisa menyebabkan penumpukan cairan pada perikardium. Beberapa infeksi yang menyebabkan kondisi tersebut antara lain tuberkulosis (TBC), HIV, dan infeksi lainnya.
  • Kanker atau tumor. Adanya tumor di jantung atau yang menyebar dari tempat lain di tubuh dapat merusak perikardium sehingga memicu penumpukan cairan.
  • Kondisi sistem imun atau gangguan peradangan, termasuk di antaranya lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, atau sindrom Sjögren.
  • Gangguan atau masalah hormonal seperti hipotiroidisme
  • Trauma. Adanya cedera pada dada seperti benturan tumpul atau tusukan dapat menyebabkan efusi perikardium.
  • Masalah jantung atau peredaran darah seperti serangan jantung, penyakit katup jantung, atau diseksi aorta (robeknya pembuluh aorta).
  • Efek tindakan medis. Efusi perikardium dapat terjadi setelah operasi jantung, terapi radiasi untuk kanker, atau efek samping dari penggunaan beberapa obat.

 

Gejala Efusi Perikardium

Efusi perikardium pada tingkat ringan mungkin tidak menunjukkan gejala yang jelas. Gejala efusi perikardium bisa baru terlihat pada kasus parah yang terjadi dengan sangat cepat. Kondisi ini bisa melibatkan sejumlah besar cairan atau menyebabkan tamponade jantung, yaitu kondisi gawat darurat di mana terdapat cairan atau darah pada ruang antara otot jantung dengan lapisan perikardium.

Gejala utama efusi perikardial dan tamponade jantung di antaranya:

  • Sesak napas
  • Tekanan atau nyeri dada
  • Detak jantung cepat atau palpitasi jantung
  • Pusing atau sakit kepala
  • Pingsan
  • Kelelahan
  • Perubahan perilkau seperti kecemasan atau kebingungan
  • Sianosis, kondisi ketika bibir, kuku, atau kulit tampak membiru akibat kurangnya oksigen dalam darah

Jika efusi perikardium cukup besar, ia dapat menekan jaringan atau saraf di sekitarnya dan menunjukkan gejala seperti: 

  • Kesulitan menelan
  • Cegukan
  • Batuk atau suara serak

Baca Juga: Mengatasi Asma hingga Menjaga Kesehatan Jantung, Ini Manfaat Kiwi bagi Kesehatan

 

Penanganan Efusi Perikardium

Pengobatan untuk efusi perikardium bergantung pada jumlah penumpukan cairan, penyebab efusi perikardium, dan ada atau tidaknya risiko tamponade jantung, serta obat-obatan yang digunakan.

Jika Anda tidak mengalami tamponade jantung, dokter dapat memberikan obat-obatan pereda nyeri dan peradangan seperti aspirin, obat antiinflamasi nonsteroid seperti ibuprofen, obat-obatan kortikosteroid, operasi atau prosedur lainnya.

Dokter juga dapat merekomendasikan prosedur untuk mengeluarkan cairan dan mencegah penumpukan cairan di masa mendatang dengan prosedur berikut:

  • Pengeluaran cairan (perikardiosentesis) menggunakan jarum dan kateter
  • Operasi jantung terbuka
  • Pengangkatan perikardium, jika efusi perikardium terus terjadi meskipun telah dilakukan prosedur drainase

Efusi perikardium dapat berkembang menjadi kondisi serius yang menyebabkan komplikasi dan risiko kematian. Jika Anda mengalami gangguan kesehatan jantung sebaiknya periksakan ke dokter atau manfaatkan fitur konsultasi pada aplikasi Ai Care yang bisa diunduh melalui App Store dan Play Store

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainya? Cek di sini, yah!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Minggu, 27 Oktober 2024 | 20:33

Mayo Clinic. Pericardial Effusion. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/symptoms-causes/syc-20353720

Clevelanad Clinic. Pericardial Effusion. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17351-pericardial-effusion

Hoffman, M. (2024). What to Know About Pericardial Effusion. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/pericardial-effusion

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.03msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 846 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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